jasss系列：V 10, I 4, N.1:"Groups of Agents with a Leader" P03

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Groups of Agents with a Leader

Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation vol. 10, no. 4

原文网址：http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/10/4/1.html

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1.2 Research in collective robotics (Drogoul, Tambe and Fukuda 1998; Parker, Schneider and Schultz 2005), swarm intelligence (Bonabeau, Dorigo, and Theraulaz 1999; Eberhart, Shi, and Kennedy 2001; Sahin and Spears 2005), and multi-agent systems (Gilbert and Doran 1994; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998; Wooldridge 2002; Gilbert and Troitzsch 2005) has mostly focused on homogeneous groups of agents in which all individuals have the same social role. Other work has investigated groups of agents in which different agents are dynamically assigned different sub-tasks, as the situation changes. In these studies, however, the dynamic assignment of different tasks is not a decision taken by one particular agent, the leader or chief of the group, but is itself an emerging property of group behavior (Lerman, Jones, Galstyan, and Mataric 2006). (For an agent-based model of work teams in which the project manager chooses the most appropriate team members, see Moreno, Valls, and Marin 2003.) Agent-based models have been used to investigate the dynamic emergence of opinion leaders or individuals who influence other individuals (e.g.,Anghel, Toroczkai, Bassler and Korniss 2004) and the possible advantages of the presence of leaders for resource sharing (Younger 2003). But, although some work has been dedicated to groups of agents which include a leader (e.g.,Murakami, Minami, Kawasoe and Ishida 2002; Jadbabaie, Lin and Morse 2003), in most cases formal and simulation models of social behavior and organization have emphasized the spontaneous emergence of socially coordinated behavior rather than leaders and centralized control. By contrast, groups of real organisms often display social hierarchies with some individuals acting as leaders or chiefs and other individuals as followers or subordinates. In lower organisms, such as insects, groups tend not to have leaders. Primates on the other hand often have complex social hierarchies (Kummer 1971). When a group of primates moves together in the environment, specific individuals play a more important role than others in the initiation of movement and in the choice of the direction in which the group has to move (Boinski and Garber 2000). Informal and formal social hierarchies are also a characteristic feature of human groups, so much so that there exists an entire academic discipline—political science— dedicated to social power in human societies.

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1.2关于群体机器人（Drogoul, Tambe and Fukuda 1998; Parker, Schneider and Schultz 2005），群体智能 （Bonabeau, Dorigo, and Theraulaz 1999; Eberhart, Shi, and Kennedy 2001; Sahin and Spears 2005），以及多主体系统(Gilbert and Doran 1994; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998; Wooldridge 2002; Gilbert and Troitzsch 2005）的研究主要集中讨论同质主体的群体，即个体有着同样的社会角色。也有研究者讨论了当情况发生变化时主体被动态地赋予不同子任务的群体。然而在这些研究中对不同任务的动态分配并不是由特定的个体（也就是群体的领导者）决定的，而是一种涌现出来的群体行为的属性 （Lerman, Jones, Galstyan, and Mataric 2006）。（关于项目管理者选择最适合的团队成员的基于主体工作团队模型，见 Moreno, Valls, and Marin 2003。）基于主体的模型还用于研究舆论的引导者或者能够影响其他个体者的动态涌现（如Anghel, Toroczkai, Bassler and Korniss 2004） ，以及资源共享的领导者可能带来的益处（Younger 2003）。但是，尽管在具有领导者的主体群体上已经进行了一些研究工作 （如Murakami, Minami, Kawasoe and Ishida 2002; Jadbabaie, Lin and Morse 2003），在大多数情况下，社会行为或者组织的正式仿真模型仍然强调社会性协同行为的自发涌现而不是领导者和集中控制的自动涌现。实际上，真实的生物群落经常显示出由一些个体作为领导者而其他个体作为跟随者的社会结构。在低等生物群落中比如昆虫，群体中往往没有领导者，而与之相反，灵长类动物通常有复杂的社会层级 （Kummer 1971）。当一群灵长类动物在环境中迁移时，特定的个体在发动迁移和选择群体迁移方向上比其他个体扮演了更为重要的角色（Boinski and Garber 2000）。非正式的和正式的社会层级也是人类群体的典型特征，以至于有一个完整的学科专门致力于研究人类社会的社会动力——政治学。